نشریه علمی هنرهای صناعی خراسان بزرگ

نشریه علمی هنرهای صناعی خراسان بزرگ

بررسی تطبیقی ساختار فنی و هنری در و پنجره‌های چوبی شرق ایران (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان‌های بیرجند، زاهدان، کرمان، مشهد)

نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان
1 دانشجوی دکتری، گروه تاریخ تطبیقی-تحلیلی هنراسلامی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران
2 دانشیار، گروه صنایع دستی، دانشکده هنرهای کاربردی، دانشگاه هنر ایران، تهران، ایران
چکیده
در میان طیف وسیعی از اندام‌ها و اجزا در یک بنا، عناصر در و پنجره به دلیل کثرت و نقش حیاتی در معماری حائز اهمیت است و همانند سایر عناصر در کنار ایجاد زیبایی ظاهری، از نظر کارکرد سودمند و متناسب با فرهنگ و سبک زندگی ایرانی و تحت‌تأثیر شرایط اقلیمی شکل‌یافته و نقش بسزایی در هویت بنا ایفا کرده است. از این‌رو، پژوهش حاضر به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش است که ویژگی‌های فنی و هنری و وجوه افتراق و اشتراک دَر و پنجره‌های چوبی اماکن تاریخی شرق ایران چیست؟ هدف مقاله، تحلیل و تطبیق ویژگی‌های فنی و هنری دَر و پنجره‌های چوبی اماکن تاریخی شرق ایران است. این پژوهش به لحاظ هدف، کاربردی و از نظر ماهیت، توصیفی و تحلیلی بوده و گردآوری اطلاعات کتابخانه‌ای و به‌ویژه میدانی و نمونه‌گیری، هدفمند با قابلیت مقایسه است. یافته‌ها نشان می‌دهد ابعاد و اندازه کلی در چهار جبهه ابنیه این مناطق از یک الگو تبعیت کرده و قاب‌ها تابع اقلیم، رون و فضاست. تکنیک‌های به‌کار رفته، قواره‌بری، منبت، گره‌چینی و شبکه، تکثیر، انعکاسی، انتقالی و دورانی و نیز فرم، تعداد لت، قاب و ارسی به ترتیب شامل هلالی، نیم‌هلالی، مستطیلی، محرابی، مربع، دایره و دو، سه، چهار، پنج و شش لتی و مستطیلی، مربع و هشت و شش‌ضلعی، لهستانی، ستاره هشت‌پر است. قاب‌ها از تنوع و کثرت زیادی برخوردار است. تزئینات در سه دسته چوبی با گره‌چینی، گیاهی، اسلیمی و شیشه‌رنگی با رنگ‌های سبز، آبی، زرد، قرمز و نارنجی و تزئینات فلزی روی درکوب-سروی، دایره‌ای، شیر و اژدها، میخکوب ساده، صلیبی، دالبری و ساده قوپک‌دار، خورشیدی، رو کلیدی سرو-دفرمه، مربعی و همچنین چفت‌وبست نیز دایره‌ای دالبری، سرو خمره‌ای و کشیده یافت شد. در و پنجره ابنیه به ترتیب در بیرجند، کرمان، مشهد و زاهدان (فقط شیشه‌رنگی) دارای بیشترین تنوع و فراوانی است.
کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله English

A comparative study of the technical and artistic structure of wooden doors and windows in East of Iran (case study: Cities of Birjand, Zahedan, Kerman, and Mashhad)

نویسندگان English

Amir Hossein Abbasi Shokat Abad 1
alireza sheikhi 2
1 دانشجوی دکتی، گروه تاریخ تطبیقی-تحلیلی هنراسلامی، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه شاهد، تهران، ایران
2 Associate Professor, Department of Handicrafts, Faculty of Applied Arts,Iran University of Arts, Tehran, Iran
چکیده English

Among a wide range of organs and components in a building, doors and windows elements are important in architecture due to their abundance and vital role. Like other elements, in addition to creating physical beauty, they are also useful in terms of function and are in line with Iranian culture and lifestyle, and have been shaped under the influence of climate, playing a significant role in the identity of the building. Therefore this paper seeks to answer this question: what are the technical and artistic features, differences, and similarities of wooden doors and windows of historical places in east of Iran? The purpose of this article is to analyze and compare the technical and artistic characteristics of wooden doors and windows of historical places in east of Iran. This paper, in terms of purpose, is practical and in terms of nature, it is descriptive and analytical, and collecting library and especially field information and sampling is purposeful and comparable. The findings show that the overall dimensions and sizes in all four sides of the buildings of these regions follow one pattern and the frames are based on climate, direction and atmosphere. The used techniques are Qavareh-bori (carving), Marquetry, Girih tiles and grid, reproduction, reflection, transitional and circular, as well as the shape, number of slates, frame and sash, respectively including: ellipse, half-ellipse-shaped, rectangular, Mihrabi (top cathedral), square, round and two, three, four, five and six slats and rectangular, square and octagon and hexagon, Polish, octagram. The frames come in a wide variety and abundance. The decorations were found in three types: wooden with Girih tiles, herbal, arabesque and colored glass in green, blue, yellow, red and orange colors; metal decorations on the door knocker – cypress-like, round, lion and dragon, simple, cross shape, wavy and simple with convexity, sun-shape, cypress-deformed and square key-operated cover, as well as circular wavy, barrel and long shaped cypress fastening. The doors and windows of the buildings are respectively in Birjand, Kerman, Mashhad and Zahedan (colored glass only) have the most diversity and abundance.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

The architecture of east of Iran
wooden designs
door
window
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  • تاریخ دریافت 05 فروردین 1402
  • تاریخ بازنگری 24 مهر 1403
  • تاریخ پذیرش 26 آبان 1403